Key-Based SSH Logins

This page shows how to create a key based SSH login to your server using the Windows PuTTY client, Mac OS X Terminal.app or Linux.

This will allow you to safely login using SSH onto your HDA without having to provide a password every time.

Windows - PuTTY

Install Putty and PuttyGen

Download the following files from the PuTTY download page and save them on your Windows system, e.g. on the desktop:

http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe

http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/puttygen.exe

Both files are self contained executables. That is: they do not install anything but run from where they are saved.

Create a profile for use with your Amahi HDA

In PuTTY, you can create profiles for connections to your various SSH servers, so you don't have to type in the settings again when you want to connect to a certain server again.

Now we will create a profile for our 192.168.1.67 server. Start PuTTY by double-clicking its executable file. You are now in the category Session (see the tree on the left side of the screenshot). Enter 192.168.1.67 under Host Name (or IP address), enter 22 under Port and select SSH under Protocol.

Now select 'Connection >> Data in the Category box and in the Auto-login box enter the username you wish to login to your HDA with. In this example 'sue'.

Once this is done return to your Sessions and give your profile a meaningful name and press save. Anytime in the future you can click on your profile name a Open and your session is opened. You will appreciate this more later.

Connecting to your HDA using SSH

Now you are on your 'Sessions' screen lets open our session by pressing open. You should see:

Type in the users password and you have your ssh xterm ready to go. Now this was the normal way of logging in but being a password system it is open to brute force attacks.

Generating a public/private key pair

Here we can use PuTTYgen to create a private/public key pair. Start it by double-clicking its executable file. Make sure you select SSH-2 RSA under Type of key to generate and specify 1024 as the Number of bits in a generated key. Then click on Generate:

Move your mouse about randomly to generate the randomness.

Now a private/public key pair has been generated. Under Key comment, you can enter any comment; normally you use your email address here. Then specify a Key passphrase and repeat it under Confirm passphrase. You'll need that passphrase to log in to SSH with your new key. Then click on Save public key and save it in some safe location on your computer. You are free to choose a filename and extension, but it should be one that lets you remember for which system it is.

Then click on Save public key and save it in some safe location on your computer. You are free to choose a filename and extension, but it should be one that lets you remember for which system it is.

Then click on Save private key. You can save it in the same location as the public key - it should be a location that only you can access and that you don't lose! (If you lose the keys and have disabled username/password logins, then you can't log in anymore!) Again, you're free to choose a filename, but this time the extension must be .ppk:

Save the public key on our Amahi server

Now we must transfer the public key to our Amahi HDA server. Copy the key from the PuttyGEN window:

Using putty logon to our Amahi HDA using the profile you created earlier.

We must now create a directory and file in which to store our public key

mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh

And open our file that will store our key

vi ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2

Type I to enter insert mode. Paste your copied key (just a right click of the mouse was enough for me. Then <Escape> :wq to exit edit mode, write the file and quit. This file may already exist if you have used ssh before.

Now to make that file accessible by only the user

chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2

Configure PuTTY to use the private key

Close down your shell to your HDA and restart putty and load your 192.168.1.67 profile

Go to SSH >> Auth and click on Browse

Browse to the folder where you saved your keys and select the private key. The one with the ppk suffix.

Go back to your Session tab and click save.

Our private key is now attached to our profile

Our key-based logon

Now on our PuTTY sessions screen load your 192.168.1.67 profile and press Open. You should get:

Enter your passphrase that you created when generating your keys.

Mac OS X - Terminal.app

Open Terminal.app

You can find Terminal.app in your Applications > Utilities folder.

Generating a public/private key pair

To generate a new SSH key in a client computer used to login to Amahi, do this:

ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your-email@yourdomain.com"

It should say something like this (on Mac OS X). Press enter to choose the default:

Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/Users/YOURUSERNAME/.ssh/id_rsa):

Enter a passphrase. It's not secure to leave it empty. To avoid having to enter the passphrase every time you can use the Mac OS Keychain in Mac OS or an ssh-agent on Linux:

Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):

Then enter it again

Enter same passphrase again:

This will give you something like this:

Your identification has been saved in /Users/YOURUSERNAME/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /Users/YOURUSERNAME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: f1:2b:ae:c0:64:0c:57:6a:46:da:6a:ec:db:8c:a2:06 your-email@yourdomain.com

and it may also show a randomart image (not used very often yet).

Save the public key on our Amahi server

Now we must transfer the public key to our Amahi HDA server.

Execute the following command, in Terminal.app:

scp ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub your_username@hda:.

Replace your_username with the username you created on Fedora.
If your HDA is not yet setup, you might have to replace hda by your HDA' IP address too.
When prompted, enter the associated password.

Then, we must copy that public key into the authorized_keys file.

ssh your_username@hda

mkdir ~/.ssh
chmod 700 ~/.ssh

mv id_rsa.pub .ssh/authorized_keys2

Now to make that file accessible by only the user

chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys2

Linux

Follow the Mac OS X instructions, but use a standard terminal (Applications > System Tools > Terminal in Fedora).

Additional Security Settings

Up to now, you can log in with your private/public key pair and still with username/password logins, so if someone doesn't attach a private key to his PuTTY session, he will be asked for a username and password. So to achieve a better security, we must disable the username/password logins (you should do this only when you know that your key-based logins are working, because if they aren't and you disable username/password logins, then you have a problem...).

To disable the username/password logins, we must modify the sshd configuration file. On our Fedora based Amahi system, it's /etc/ssh/sshd_config. You should set Protocol to 2 (1 is insecure and should not be used!), PasswordAuthentication to no.

Login as root:

su -
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config

You will now need to restart you SSH server

service sshd restart

Tips

• Recommend you check out secure SSH against brute force attacked guidance to protect your HDA.

• Monitor SSH access to your HDA by following the SSH email alerts tutorial.

• In Amahi 7, you can add the public (not the private key) in your Users area of the HDA dashboard.