Adding a second hard drive to your HDA

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Warning.png WARNING
This is recommended only for Advanced users, proceed with caution.


NOTE: The Amahi Disk Wizard application (Amahi 8 or greater ONLY) provides this capability from the Dashboard UI.


The purpose of this tutorial is to make partitioning, formatting, and mounting hard drives in the Amahi server simple for those new to Linux.

In order to keep this process simple, it's important NOT to connect additional hard drive(s) until the end of the Preparation step.

Disclaimer

  • Amahi cannot be held responsible for any data breakage or destruction arising from the use or misuse of this script. We provide it as a service in good will. You accept this automatically if you use the script.
  • GUID-partitioned hard drives (such as those previously used in a Mac or have GPT partition tables) are not supported in this tutorial.

Prerequisites

In a Terminal, as root, verify disk tools are installed by executing:

Fedora 

dnf -y install pmount fuse fuse-libs ntfs-3g util-linux-ng parted nano
NOTE: yum (deprecated) has been replaced with dnf as the package manager for Fedora 23 and greater.

Ubuntu 

sudo apt-get -y install gparted
NOTE: Hard drives must be formatted as MBR not GUID/GPT for hda-diskmount to work correctly.

Preparation

In terminal as root, execute the following to capture current hard drive configuration: 

ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/ > before.txt
cat before.txt
EXAMPLE:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24  ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V-part1 -> ../../sda1

Power OFF the HDA and install/connect any additional hard drive(s).

Identify

Power ON the HDA and collect data about the new hard drive configuration. Again, save this to a text file for reference.

In a terminal as root, execute the following to capture current hard drive configuration: 

ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/ > after.txt
cat after.txt
EXAMPLE:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24  ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-ST31000528AS_6VP08W65 -> ../../sdb
FYI: IDE/SATA hard drives will start with ata- and USB hard drives will start with usb-.

Partition/Format

Compare the difference between before.txt and after.txt to determine the new hard drive(s) device name. This can be done automatically.

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following: 

diff before.txt after.txt
EXAMPLE:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-ST31000528AS_6VP08W65 -> ../../sdb

At this point, partition and format the hard drive(s) if they are new. For hard drive(s) that contain data to be preserved, skip to the Mount step.

Command-line (Fedora)

To partition the hard drive(s), substitute sdX with hard drive device name, such as sdb:

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following:

parted /dev/sdX

Up to 2TB, at the (parted) prompt, enter:

  1. mklabel msdos (answer yes if prompted)
  2. mkpart primary 0% 100%
  3. quit


Greater than 2TB, at the (parted) prompt, enter:

  1. mklabel gpt (answer yes if prompted)
  2. mkpart primary 0% 100%
  3. quit


Verify the new partition was created: 

ls -l /dev/disk/by-id/
EXAMPLE:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24  ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V -> ../../sda
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-Hitachi_HDS722020ALA330_JK1131YAGDU37V-part1 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-ST31000528AS_6VP08W65 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root  9 2010-02-18 03:24 ata-ST31000528AS_6VP08W65-part1 -> ../../sdb1

The new partition is named sdX1 (i.e. sdb1 in RED).

Format the partition, execute (can substitute ext3):

mkfs.ext4 -j /dev/sdX1

Repeat the Partition/Format step for each hard drive to be partitioned and formatted.

GParted (Ubuntu)

From the HDA desktop (or using VNC), In a terminal as root and type gparted to launch the application.

Here's a general introduction on YouTube. Just use ext3 or ext4 instead of fat32 if you follow that tutorial.

For drives > 2.0 TB, following these steps:

  • Choose hard disk in the dropdown menu (top right)
  • Select Device > Create Partition Table... > Advanced > (Choose 'gpt')
  • Create partition


NOTE: GParted supports GUID-partitioned drives, however, the hda-mount script do not support currently.

Repeat the Partition/Format step for each hard drive to be partitioned and formatted.

Mount

Mount the hard drive(s)/partition(s) for use in the HDA.

NOTE: If you prefer not to use hda-diskmount, refer to Troubleshooting hda-diskmount.

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following(it will create drive1, drive2, etc and mount the hard drive(s) automatically): 

hda-diskmount
EXAMPLE:
****************************************************************
Ignoring /dev/sda1 - already in /etc/fstab or mounted
****************************************************************
Mounted /dev/sdb1 as '/var/hda/files/drives/drive1' (read-write)
You may want your system to mount it every time you boot.
To do so, add this line VERY CAREFULLY to /etc/fstab and reboot:
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2
****************************************************************
All Linux, Windows and Mac partitions on non-removable disks have been mounted

The line in BLUE is what you need to copy and add to the bottom of /etc/fstab. This is REQUIRED for the hard drive(s) to be permanently mounted.

There will be multiple lines for multiple hard drive(s) added. Ensure you copy and add ONLY those which were not present in the before.txt file.

The new hard drive storage space can be used for All Shares, Some Shares, or the Greyhole Storage Pool. Follow the guidance below based on desired usage for each hard drive.

All Shares

Host ALL shares on the new hard drive.

Move all the shares data to the new drive, replacing path in RED with the path from the hda-diskmount output line in BLUE.

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following: 

mv /var/hda/files/* /var/hda/files/drives/drive1/
NOTE: There may be a WARNING that can be ignored indicating /var/hda/files/drives cannot be moved to a subdirectory of itself.

Unmount the new hard drive: 

umount /var/hda/files/drives/drive1/

Mount the new hard drive permanently as /var/hda/files by editing /etc/fstab: 

nano /etc/fstab

Add the line to /etc/fstab provided in the hda-diskmount output in BLUE and change the second value (path) to /var/hda/files.

EXAMPLE hda-diskmount output (Original):
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2
EXAMPLE hda-diskmount output (Modified):
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files ext4 defaults 1 2
EXAMPLE /etc/fstab:
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Nov  9 01:46:39 2013
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=1ebbf241-528c-465e-889f-acc15400dd8c /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=087b15a5-c3ca-4615-b6ee-bf5f399a803e /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75346b8e-b162-458c-b0e9-a8d48ec2bc82 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=ad85eeb9-18f0-4b85-9bfa-b88a5d1489b3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files ext4 defaults 1 2

Finally, execute the following: 

mount -a
ls /var/hda/files/

The last command will display contents of the new hard drive. All shares are now located on the new hard drive.

Some Shares

Host SOME shares on the new hard drive.

Move some shares data to the new drive by executing the following command (replace path in RED with the path from the hda-diskmount output line in BLUE; sharename will be the share to move to the new drive).

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following: 

mv /var/hda/files/sharename /var/hda/files/drives/drive1/

Repeat the process with every share to be moved to the new drive.

Unmount the new hard drive: 

umount /var/hda/files/drives/drive1

Mount the new hard drive permanently by editing /etc/fstab: 

nano /etc/fstab

Add the line to /etc/fstab provided in the hda-diskmount output in BLUE.

EXAMPLE /etc/fstab:
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Nov  9 01:46:39 2013
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=1ebbf241-528c-465e-889f-acc15400dd8c /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=087b15a5-c3ca-4615-b6ee-bf5f399a803e /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75346b8e-b162-458c-b0e9-a8d48ec2bc82 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=ad85eeb9-18f0-4b85-9bfa-b88a5d1489b3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2

Verify the hard drive(s)/partition(s) configuration is correct in /etc/fstab.

Next, execute the following: 

mount -a
ls /var/hda/files/drives/drive1

The last command will display contents of the new hard drive. All shares are now located on the new hard drive.

HDA Dashboard Update
 The location of each share that was moved to the new hard drive will need updated. Select Setup followed by the Shares section. Expand each share that was moved individually and change the location (path) accordingly.

For example, the original movies location was /var/hda/files/movies but the new location might be /var/hda/files/drives/drive1/movies.

Repeat for any other shares that you have moved to the new hard drive. Verify these shares are accessible from another machine within your network.

NOTE: If any services depend on the location of a moved share, ensure they are configured to use the new share location. For example, if DLNA is installed, check the configuration file to verify it can find the new share location. Secondly, validate that that all such services start correctly and behave as expected. If the service doesn't start, it may be that it's looking for a specific share location during the service start up.

Greyhole Storage Pool

Use new hard drive for Greyhole Storage Pool.

In a Terminal, as root, mount the new hard drive permanently by editing /etc/fstab: 

nano /etc/fstab

Add the line to /etc/fstab provided in the hda-diskmount output in BLUE.

EXAMPLE /etc/fstab:
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Nov  9 01:46:39 2013
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=1ebbf241-528c-465e-889f-acc15400dd8c /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=087b15a5-c3ca-4615-b6ee-bf5f399a803e /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75346b8e-b162-458c-b0e9-a8d48ec2bc82 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=ad85eeb9-18f0-4b85-9bfa-b88a5d1489b3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2

Verify the hard drive(s)/partition(s) configuration is correct in /etc/fstab.

Refer to Greyhole (Amahi 6) for Ubuntu or Greyhole (Amahi 7) for Fedora to configure the Greyhole Storage Pool.

Verify/Test

Verify the hard drive/partition is mounted.

In a Terminal, as root, execute the following: 

df -h
EXAMPLE:
Filesystem                  Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda5        16G  4.3G   11G  30% /
devtmpfs        493M     0  493M   0% /dev
tmpfs           498M   84K  498M   1% /dev/shm
tmpfs           498M  364K  498M   1% /run
tmpfs           498M     0  498M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs           498M  1.1M  497M   1% /tmp
/dev/sda1       190M   75M  102M  43% /boot
/dev/sdb1       917G  398G  473G  46% /var/hda/files/drives/drive1

The hard drive(s) and the mount point (path) should be listed for each hard drive added. If not, then further investigation will be needed to determine the problem.

Tips

Mount Order

The following guide will outline how to manually order hard drives and mount them automatically on boot.

In a Terminal, as root, executing the following command to obtain the UUID for each hard drive: 

blkid
EXAMPLE:
/dev/sda1: LABEL="Seagate-Alpha2TB" UUID="55d9333f-d801-425a-b2af-d65c5966d56f" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="Seagate-Beta2TB" UUID="5bd5498f-30c1-4780-948e-ca46656507d2" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sdc1: LABEL="WD-Charlie2TB" UUID="a7337504-376a-4d36-9f7a-1a24c0f55fbd" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sdd1: LABEL="WD-Delta2TB" UUID="8d881dcb-8de3-4621-b9bd-00025196868a" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sde1: LABEL="root" UUID="4d6f8004-d190-4234-a03b-b68de988abf0" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sde3: LABEL="home" UUID="d0531fa1-9311-4d53-b838-f35898adbd98" TYPE="ext4" 
/dev/sde5: LABEL="swap" UUID="3c39206c-ba60-47ff-a1fe-f5821b2ab543" TYPE="swap"

In this case, there are four data drives (sda1, sdb1, sdc1, sdd1) and the Operating system assigned to a fifth drive, sde.

Take note of the UUID's for each drive. Easiest to cut and paste UUID's straight from the terminal.

Edit /etc/fstab to mount each drive: 

nano /etc/fstab

Then very carefully add the following line for each disk into the end of the fstab file. Ensure correct UUID, hard drive number and hard drive file system (ext4 in this case) are added.

EXAMPLE:
UUID=55d9333f-d801-425a-b2af-d65c5966d56f /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2

It should look something like the following when lines are added for each of the five drives in this example.

EXAMPLE:
#  Mounting Greyhole Drives for Drive Pool.  
#
# Drive1 = Seagate-Alpha2TB in Microserver Bay 1 from left 
UUID=55d9333f-d801-425a-b2af-d65c5966d56f /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2
#
# Drive2 = Seagate-Beta2TB in Microserver Bay 2 from left 
UUID=5bd5498f-30c1-4780-948e-ca46656507d2 /var/hda/files/drives/drive2 ext4 defaults 1 2
#
# Drive3 = WD-Charlie2TB in Microserver Bay 3 from left 
UUID=a7337504-376a-4d36-9f7a-1a24c0f55fbd /var/hda/files/drives/drive3 ext4 defaults 1 2
#
# Drive4 = WD-Delta2TB in Microserver Bay 4 from left 
UUID=8d881dcb-8de3-4621-b9bd-00025196868a /var/hda/files/drives/drive4 ext4 defaults 1 2
#
# Drive5 = 250GB OS Drive mounted in Optical Drive bay
UUID="4d6f8004-d190-4234-a03b-b68de988abf0 /var/hda/files/drives/drive5 ext4 defaults 1 2
#
#
NOTE: Lines beginning with # are comments where the remainder of the line is ignored

Verify there are no issues by executing the following: 

mount -a

If there are errors,most likely a line was not added properly. If this is not corrected, the machine may not boot and hang trying to mount the hard drives!

Once there are no errors, reboot machine: 

reboot

Verify the hard drives have successfully mounted in the HDA Dashboard.

If all drives mounted successfully, it should look something like this (Ubuntu):

EXAMPLE:

caption

Bad Blocks

Optionally, you can test your new drive for bad blocks.

NOTE: This can take a long time to complete! Recommend starting it in the evening so it will be completed the next day.

In a Terminal, as root, execute following command (replace sdb1 with the (BLUE) value you received from hda-diskmount): 

e2fsck -cn /dev/sdb1

You'll receive a message stating WARNING!!! Running e2fsck on a mounted filesystem may cause SEVERE filesystem damage. Do you really want to continue (y/n)?

Answer yes. The -cn option we're using can safely be used on mounted file systems.

Spin Down Hard Drives

Low power is a good thing to have in servers. If you do not use your server very often, you may want to force the hard drives to spin down faster than the default. Here is how.

First ensure hdparm package is installed: 

sudo dnf install hdparm

To force to spin down after 10 minutes of being idle, add these lines to /etc/rc.local: 

# power drives down after 10 minutes idle
/sbin/hdparm -S120 /dev/sda
/sbin/hdparm -S120 /dev/sdb
...

Most drives will power down on their own without doing this.

Once stopped, the drive may take as long as 30 seconds to respond to a subsequent disk access, though most drives are much quicker. The encoding of the -S timeout value is somewhat peculiar. A value of zero means "timeouts are disabled": the device will not automatically enter standby mode. Values from 1 to 240 specify multiples of 5 seconds, yielding timeouts from 5 seconds to 20 minutes. Values from 241 to 251 specify from 1 to 11 units of 30 minutes, yielding timeouts from 30 minutes to 5.5 hours. A value of 252 signifies a timeout of 21 minutes. A value of 253 sets a vendor-defined timeout period between 8 and 12 hours, and the value 254 is reserved. 255 is interpreted as 21 minutes plus 15 seconds. Note that some older drives may have very different interpretations of these values.

It may make the system run cooler and power efficient (especially on a Home Server you are rarely using all of the pool drives at the same time).

Troubleshooting

hda-diskmount

If hda-diskmount does not mount the hard drive or you prefer to do it manually, complete the following steps:

Create the mount point (choose one NOT in use) in a Terminal, as root by executing the following:

mkdir -p /var/hda/files/drives/drive1

Identify the hard drive to mount and copy the UUID from the output that corresponds to the hard drive (i.e. sdb)

ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/

EXAMPLE:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 1b8597e0-5d95-4474-b093-53099c8c81c9 -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 1c161033-c695-4291-aba1-257d3987edf7 -> ../../dm-0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 b7017251-cb54-438b-92a3-781537c565e6 -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 c1fe62b3-41dc-4a67-8a6b-09f90b7893ba -> ../../dm-1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 e0f5a9bd-f52b-431e-89af-61da70659bdd -> ../../dm-2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Dec 29 18:10 547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 -> ../../sdb1
The UUID for sdX1 (i.e. sdb1 is RED).

Add the following to the end of /etc/fstab, replacing the UUID as captured in the previous step

nano /etc/fstab

EXAMPLE:
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sat Nov  9 01:46:39 2013
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
UUID=1ebbf241-528c-465e-889f-acc15400dd8c /                       ext4    defaults        1 1
UUID=087b15a5-c3ca-4615-b6ee-bf5f399a803e /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2
UUID=75346b8e-b162-458c-b0e9-a8d48ec2bc82 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=ad85eeb9-18f0-4b85-9bfa-b88a5d1489b3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
UUID=547b073d-e591-4913-b4fb-7c5084353979 /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 ext4 defaults 1 2
The new entry will be mounted as /var/hda/files/drives/drive1 (i.e. sdb1 in BLUE)

Mount the hard drive

mount -a

If all goes well, there should not be any output. If there are errors, stop and diagnose the problem.

Accomplish Verify/Test step to ensure the hard drive is properly mounted.

Repeat this process for each hard drive to be mounted.

Partitions > 2.1TB

If by following this tutorial you are unable to mount hard drives with partitions > 2.1TB, refer to the Partitions over 2.1TB guidance.

Help

If you need assistance, please post in the Amahi Forums or receive LIVE support on the Amahi IRC channel.

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